Part I
Summary of Screening Instruments for Substance-Using Adolescents |
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Title of Instrument: |
Adolescent Drinking Index (ADI) |
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Introduction: |
ADI is a 24-item rating scale that quickly assesses alcohol use disorders in adolescents. |
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Developer/Address: |
Adele V.
Harrell, Ph.D.
Philip W.
Wirtz, Ph.D. |
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Inquiries: |
Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Post Office Box 998
Odessa, FL 33556
(800) 331-8378 |
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Purpose: |
ADI quickly assesses alcohol use in adolescents with psychological, emotional, or behavioral problems. It also identifies adolescents who need further alcohol evaluation or treatment. ADI defines the type of drinking problem and can help develop treatment plans and recommendations. |
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Type of Assessment: |
ADI can be administered to individuals or groups. |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
Alcohol use disorders in adolescents |
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Reading Level: |
5th grade |
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Completion Time: |
5 minutes |
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Credentials/Training: |
Minimum of a bachelor's degree in psychology or a closely related field and relevant coursework or training in the interpretation of psychological tests and measurement at an accredited university or college |
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Scoring Procedures: |
On the bottom page of the two-part carbonless answer sheet, the user sums the appropriate values to calculate raw scores. The raw scores are then converted into T scores through the use of tables and plotted on the profile sheet. |
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Scoring Time: |
Approximately 10 minutes |
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Access and Source of Psychometrics: |
Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
See address above |
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Pricing Information: |
$59.00 per introductory kit (includes manual and 25 test booklets)
$22.00 per professional manual only
$40.00 per set of test booklets (25 each) |
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Reviewed in: |
Mental Measurements Yearbook, 12th ed., and Leccese and Waldron, 1994 |
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Title of Instrument: |
Adolescent Drug Involvement Scale (ADIS) |
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Introduction: |
ADIS is a 12-item research and evaluation tool developed as a brief measure of the level of drug involvement in adolescents. The scale is an adaptation of Mayer and Filstead's Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS). |
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Developer/Address: |
D.
Paul Moberg, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Program Evaluation
University of Wisconsin at Madison
2710 Marshall Ct.
Madison, WI 53705-2279
(608) 263-1304
dpmoberg@facstaff.wisc.edu |
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Inquiries: |
D.
Paul Moberg, Ph.D.
See address above |
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Purpose: |
To provide a brief paper and pencil screen which assesses level of adolescent use of drugs other than alcohol. Higher scale scores represent higher levels of drug involvement. Intended as a research instrument and/or a screening tool, it has not been validated as a clinical measure. Positive results when used for screening should be followed with an independent clinical assessment process. |
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Type of Assessment: |
Paper and pencil questionnaire for self-administration by adolescents. It can be used in groups or individually. While there are nominally 12 items, the "check all that apply" nature of many of the questions in fact yields answers to 53 discrete questions. |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
As scored, ADIS should be interpreted as a unidimensional operational measure of drug involvement. The items making up the scale cover drug use frequency and recency, perceived reasons for use, social context of use, effects of use in multiple life areas, and self- and others' appraisal of the subject's drug use. |
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Reading Level: |
Not ascertained |
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Completion Time: |
4-5 minutes |
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Credentials/Training: |
No specific requirement |
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Scoring Procedures: |
Additive scoring by adding the weights to highest positive answer to each of 12 items. Optional drug use grid (item 13) can also be scored as an index of multiple drug use. |
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Scoring Time: |
2-3 minutes |
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Related Tests: |
The Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS), developed by John Mayer and William Filstead, is a parallel instrument measuring alcohol involvement. For more information on AAIS, see
Mayer, J., and Filstead, W.J. The Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. An instrument for measuring adolescents' use and misuse of alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 40:291-300, 1979.
Moberg, D.P. Identifying adolescents with alcohol problems. A field test of the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 93:408-417, 1983. |
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Access and Psychometrics: |
ADIS is in the public domain. The complete scale and source of scoring details are available in Moberg, D.P., and Hahn, L. The adolescent drug involvement scale. Journal of Adolescent Chemical Dependency 2(1):75-88, 1991.
Note: This journal has been renamed Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse. |
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Pricing Information: |
Not applicable |
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Title of Instrument: |
Drug and Alcohol Problem (DAP) Quick Screen, pencil/paper test |
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Introduction: |
This is a 30-item test with four key items. |
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Developer/Address: |
Richard H.
Schwartz, M.D.
410 Maple Avenue West
Vienna, VA 22180
(703) 338-2244 |
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Purpose: |
Rapid in-office test for adolescent substance use problems. Sixteen salient questions and four critical questions. |
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Type of Assessment: |
Assesses substance use relationships with parents and parents' use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances. Contains questions on depression and suicide. |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
Substance use disorders and behavior patterns |
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Reading Level: |
6th grade |
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Completion Time: |
10 minutes |
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Scoring Procedures: |
Scores of greater than 6 correlate with "red flags" for drug/alcohol use |
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Scoring Time: |
A few minutes |
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Access and Source of Psychometrics: |
Schwartz, R.H., and Wirth, P.W. Potential substance abuse Detection among adolescent patients. Using the Drug and Alcohol Problem (DAP) Quick Screen, a 30-item questionnaire. Clinical Pediatrics 29:38--43, 1990 |
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Reviewed in: |
Leccese and Waldron, 1994 |
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Title of Instrument: |
Drug Use Screening Inventory-Revised (DUSI-R) |
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Introduction: |
DUSI-R is a 159-item instrument that documents the level of involvement with a variety of drugs and quantifies severity of consequences associated with drug use. The profile identifies and prioritizes intervention needs and provides an informative and facile method of monitoring treatment course and aftercare.
The DUSI-R is a self-administered instrument. A Spanish version is available |
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Developer/Address: |
Ralph E.
Tarter, Ph.D.
Department of Psychiatry
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
3811 O'Hara Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 624-1070 |
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Inquiries: |
Ralph E.
Tarter, Ph.D.
See address above |
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Purpose: |
To comprehensively evaluate adolescents and adults who are suspected of using drugs; to identify or "flag" problem areas; to quantitatively monitor treatment progress and outcome; and to estimate likelihood of drug use disorder diagnosis |
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Type of Assessment: |
A decision-tree approach is used: The information acquired from the DUSI-R should be viewed as implicative and not definitive in that the findings should generate hypotheses regarding the areas requiring comprehensive diagnostic evaluation by using other instruments. DUSI-R is structured and formatted for self-administration using paper and pencil or computer. It can also be group-administered. |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
- Substance use behavior
- Behavior patterns
- Health status
- Psychiatric disorder
- Social skill
- Family system
- School work
- Peer relationship
- Leisure
- Recreation
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Reading Level: |
5th grade |
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Completion Time: |
20 to 40 minutes (depending on the subject) |
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Credentials: |
Available to drug counselors and other qualified users |
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Training: |
Usual standards for administration of educational and psychological tests and questionnaires. Since the DUSI-R is self-administered and instructions are provided, no training program is essential for either administering or scoring of the instrument. |
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Scoring Procedures: |
First, the Lie Scale score is tabulated to determine validity of the response to the questionnaire. Next, the "Absolute Problem Density" score is obtained for each of domains 1-10, indicating the severity of problem. The "Relative Problem Density" score is then calculated to indicate the severity of problems in each domain relative to the severity of overall problems. The "Summary Problem Index" represents the overall severity of problems from the total universe of DUSI problems. This index or summary score indicates the absolute severity of problems of all types without reference to particular problem areas. Two graphical profiles are constructed based on the absolute and relative problem density scores. Scoring can be done manually or by computer. |
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Scoring Time: |
15-20 minutes |
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General Commentary: |
The adolescent and adult versions are homologous, thereby enabling tracking of individuals on the same dimensions over time. The "Relative Problem Density" score enables ranking of the relative severity of problem types across the 10 domains and thus is an aid to developing an individualized treatment plan. An adult version of DUSI is available. |
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Access: |
Dave Gorney
The Gordian Group
P.O.
Box 1587
Hartsville, SC 29950
(843) 383-2201
www.dusi.com |
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Source of Psychometrics: |
Kirisci, L.; Mezzich, A.; and Tarter, R. Norms and sensitivity of the adolescent version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory. Addictive Behaviors 20:149-157, 1995. |
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Pricing Information: |
$2.00 each for DUSI paper questionnaires; call for price of DUSI software for computer administration and scoring. DUSI is copyrighted. |
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Reviewed in: |
Leccese and Waldron, 1994 |
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Title of Instrument: |
Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire (PESQ) |
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Introduction: |
PESQ is a 40-item questionnaire that screens for the need for further assessment of drug use disorders. It provides a "red or green flag problem" severity score and a brief overview of psychosocial problems, drug use frequency, and faking tendencies. |
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Developer/Address: |
Ken Winters, Ph.D.
Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse
Department of Psychiatry
University of Minnesota
Box 393, Mayo Building
Minneapolis, MN 55455
(612) 626-2879
winte001@tc.umn.edu |
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Inquiries: |
Ken Winters, Ph.D.
See address above
Tony Gerard, Ph.D.
Senior Project Director
Western Psychological Services
12031 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90025
(310) 478-2061 |
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Purpose: |
To provide at a screening level an indication of the need for a comprehensive drug use evaluation and to briefly screen for select psychosocial problems and faking good and faking bad tendencies. |
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Type of Assessment: |
Fixed-format self-report questionnaire |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
- Drug use problem severity (18 items)
- Psychosocial problem (8 items)
- Drug use frequency and onset (6 items)
- Faking tendencies (8 items)
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Reading Level: |
4th grade |
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Completion Time: |
10 minutes |
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Credentials/Training: |
PESQ is appropriate for use by a range of health professionals. |
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Scoring Procedures: |
Hand scoring instructions are provided in the questionnaire booklet. |
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Scoring Time: |
3 minutes |
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General Commentary: |
PESQ should not be used as a replacement for a comprehensive assessment. |
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Access: |
Order from Western Psychological Services (see "Inquiries"). PESQ is copyrighted. |
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Source of Psychometrics: |
Winters, K.C. The Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services, 1991.
Winters, K.C. Development of an adolescent substance abuse screening questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors 17:479-490, 1992. |
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Pricing Information: |
$70.00 per PESQ Kit (including manual and 25 tests)
$42.50 per manual
$25.20-$29.50 per package of 25 test forms (cost depends on size of order) |
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Reviewed in: |
Mental Measurements Yearbook, 12th ed., and Leccese and Waldron, 1994 |
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Title of Instrument: |
Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) |
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Introduction: |
POSIT was developed by a panel of expert clinicians as part of a more extensive assessment and referral system for use with adolescents ages 12-19 years (Rahdert, 1991). POSIT was designed to identify problems and potential treatment or service needs in 10 areas, including substance abuse, mental and physical health, and social relations. Related is the POSIT followup questionnaire that was derived from items on POSIT to screen for potential change in 7 out of the 10 problem areas represented on POSIT. |
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Developer/Address: |
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health |
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Inquiries: |
Elizabeth Rahdert, Ph.D.
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institutes of Health
5600 Fishers Lane, Room 10A-10
Rockville, MD 20857
(301) 443-0107 |
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Purpose: |
POSIT is a screening tool designed to identify potential problem areas that require further indepth assessment. Depending on the results of the indepth assessment, early therapeutic intervention or treatment and related services may be necessary. POSIT can be utilized by school personnel, juvenile and family court personnel, medical and mental health care providers, and staff in substance use disorder treatment programs. When used in conjunction with POSIT, the POSIT followup questionnaire can be used as a measure of change or an outcome measure. |
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Type of Assessment: |
POSIT is a self-administered 139-item "yes/no" screening questionnaire. |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
- Substance use and abuse
- Physical health
- Mental health
- Family relations
- Peer relations
- Educational status (i.e., learning disabilities/disorders)
- Vocational status
- Social skills
- Leisure/recreation
- Aggressive behavior/delinquency
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Reading Level: |
5th grade |
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Completion Time: |
20-30 minutes |
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Credentials/Training: |
No special qualifications are necessary to administer POSIT and POSIT followup questionnaires as their formats are very clear and straightforward. |
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Scoring Procedures: |
Two scoring systems are available, the original system presented in the Adolescent Assessment-Referral System (AARS) manual and the newer scoring system available from NIDA. The original scoring system includes "red flag" items and one expert-based cut-off score that indicates either a high or low risk for each of the 10 problem areas. In contrast, the newer scoring system does not consider red flag items but includes two empirically based cut-off scores that indicate low, medium, or high risk for each of the 10 problem areas. In the newer system, the total raw score for each problem determines the level of risk for that area. |
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Scoring Time: |
Two seconds for computerized scoring; 2-5 minutes when using the scoring templates placed over the paper and pencil versions of the POSIT and POSIT followup questionnaires |
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General Commentary: |
POSIT and POSIT followup questionnaires are brief, easy to use, and specific to the problems and concerns of adolescents. They are not diagnostic instruments and require additional tests for full assessment. Some literacy is required. |
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Related Tests: |
Each problem area identified on POSIT is addressed indepth by one or more of the assessment tools listed in the Comprehensive Assessment Battery (CAB). The POSIT questionnaire and the CAB are available in the Adolescent Assessment/Referral System Manual. |
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Access and Source of Psychometrics: |
To obtain a copy of the POSIT, call Dr.
Rahdert (see "Inquiries" above) or order the Adolescent Assessment-Referral System Manual, Stock #BKD-59, through
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
P.O.
Box 2345
Rockville, MD 20847-2345
(800) 729-6686
To obtain the computerized POSIT and POSIT followup, contact the following for pricing information on the currently available computer software:
PowerTrain, Inc.
8201 Corporate Drive
Suite 1080
Landover, MD 20785
(301) 731-0900 |
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Reviewed in: |
Leccese and Waldron, 1994 |
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Title of Instrument: |
Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) |
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Introduction: |
RAPI is a 23-item self-administered screening tool for assessing adolescent problem drinking. It was developed to create a conceptually sound, unidimensional, relatively brief, and easily administered instrument to assess problem drinking in adolescence. Its empirical development involved factor analyses conducted of test-retest data on frequencies of a total of 53 symptoms and/or consequences of alcohol use, as reported by a nonclinical sample of 1308 males and females. The resulting 23-item scale has a reliability of .92 and a 3-year stability coefficient of .40 for the total sample. The advantages of this short, self-administered screening tool are its ease of administration and its standardization, which make it possible to compare problem drinking scores across groups. Please note, however, that RAPI is only a measure of adolescent drinking problems, and additional information about intensity of use, motivations for use, and contexts of use is desirable when conducting a full assessment of problem drinking. |
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Developer/Address: |
Helene Raskin White, Ph.D.
Erich Labouvie, Ph.D.
Center of Alcohol Studies
Rutgers University
P.O.
Box 969
Piscataway, NJ 08855-0969
(732) 445-3579 |
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Inquiries: |
Helene Raskin White, Ph.D.
See address above |
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Purpose: |
To screen for adolescent drinking problems |
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Type of Assessment: |
Self-administered paper and pencil instrument. Respondents simply circle the number that corresponds to the number of times they have experienced each problem. Items can also be read aloud by an interviewer to clients with reading difficulties or it can be used as a springboard for a discussion of problems related to the client's alcohol use. |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
Negative consequences of drinking |
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Reading Level: |
7th grade |
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Completion Time: |
10 minutes or less |
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Credentials/Training: |
There is no training required for the administrator. |
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Scoring Procedures: |
The coded numbers (0-4) are added together across items to form a scale ranging from 0 to 69. It can be normed on any sample. In a clinical sample (age 14 to 18) means ranged from 21 to 25 and in a nonclinical sample (age 15 to 18) means ranged from 4 to 8 depending upon age and sex. (Please note that in these analyses items were coded 0-3 with the last two categories combined.) The time frame for responses can be made smaller (e.g., last year or last 6 months rather than last 3 years). |
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Scoring Time: |
3 minutes |
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General Commentary: |
RAPI is appropriate for use in clinical and nonclinical samples of adolescents and young adults. It has been validated on a clinical sample of male and female adolescents aged 14 to 18 years from a treatment program for youth with substance use disorders and on a household sample of 1,308 male and female adolescents aged 12 to 21 years. RAPI can be used to assess the level of problem drinking among adolescents and young adults. It can also be part of a clinical interview in which the clinician addresses each problem related to drinking with the client and uses the results to discuss life disruptions due to drinking and denial of problems. Clinicians may find shorter time frames (e.g., last year or last 6 months) more useful than the last 3-year time frame which was used. RAPI can also be used as an interval scale of problem drinking in research studies. |
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Access: |
Helene Raskin White, Ph.D.
See address above
(The developers request that persons who use RAPI send them their age/sex norms as well as a description of their sample.) |
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Pricing Information: |
It is free, and there is no copyright. |
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Reviewed in: |
Leccese and Waldron, 1994 |
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Title of Instrument: |
Teen Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI) |
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Introduction: |
This is a relatively brief assessment instrument developed for use when an adolescent is being admitted to inpatient care for substance use-related problems. |
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Developer: |
The Adolescent Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Treatment Program
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
2811 O'Hara Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15213 |
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Editors: |
Yifrah Kaminer, M.D.
Oscar Bukstein, M.D.
Ralph Tarter, Ph.D. |
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Inquiries: |
Western Psychiatric Institute
See address above
Yifrah Kaminer, M.D.
263 Farmington Ave.
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington, CT 06030-2103
(860) 679-4344
(860) 679-4077 (fax)
kaminer@psych.uchc.edu or www.uchu.edu |
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Purpose: |
The purpose of this instrument is to provide basic information on an adolescent prior to entry into inpatient care for substance use-related problems. |
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Type of Assessment: |
Objective face-to-face interview combined with opportunity for assessor to offer comments, confidence ratings (indicating whether the information may be distorted), and severity ratings (indicating how severe the assessor believes is the need for treatment or counseling). |
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Life Areas/Problems Assessed: |
- Chemical use
- School status
- Employment/support
- Family relationships
- Peer/social relationships
- Legal status (involvement with criminal justice program)
- Psychiatric status
- Contact list for additional information
The questions asked for each area are fewer in number than many other instruments described in this document. |
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Reading Level: |
Not applicable |
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Credentials/Training: |
Assessors will require training in interviewing troubled youth with substance use problems. |
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General Commentary: |
T-ASI is an interview instrument providing baseline information on adolescents prior to entering inpatient care for substance use disorders. Information is collected in the following eight areas: (1) demographic, (2) chemical use, including consequences of use and treatment experiences, (3) school status, (4) employment/support status, (5) family relationships, including physical abuse and sexual abuse, (6) peer/social relationships, (7) legal status, and (8) psychiatric status, including treatment experiences. At the end of topic areas 2 through 8, space is provided for assessor's comments, a problem severity rating, and "confidence ratings" (assessor's ratings regarding subject's misrepresentation or inability to understand the questions). |
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Reviewed in: |
Leccese and Waldron, 1994 |
